Kathakali, one of India’s most captivating classical dance-drama forms, has enthralled audiences for centuries with its vibrant costumes, elaborate facial makeup, and powerful storytelling. Originating in the 17th century in the South Indian state of Kerala, Kathakali combines elements of dance, drama, music, and visual spectacle to narrate mythological tales from Hindu epics like the Mahabharata and Ramayana.
The Theatrical Grandeur of Kathakali
As the performance begins, the rhythmic beats of drums and the clash of cymbals set the stage for a visually stunning spectacle. A shimmering golden crown slowly emerges above the curtain, followed by a performer adorned in elaborate makeup and a richly decorated costume. His facial expressions are exaggerated, his eyes rolling dramatically, and his long silver fingernails tracing intricate patterns in the air. Every movement, from the twitch of an eyebrow to the elaborate footwork, is meticulously choreographed to convey emotions and narratives.
The audience watches in rapt attention as the singers launch into a soulful melody, recounting the extraordinary deeds of gods and demons. Kathakali is not just a dance; it is an immersive experience that blends pantomime, abstract movement, instrumental music, and poetic storytelling.
The Origins and Evolution of Kathakali
Kathakali, meaning "story play," evolved from earlier theatrical traditions such as Kutiyattam and Krishnanattam. It was originally performed as an offering in temple courtyards over multiple nights. Rooted in the principles of the Natya Shastra, an ancient Sanskrit treatise on dramaturgy, Kathakali has incorporated influences from Kerala’s ritualistic traditions, including possession performances and spirit worship. While it retains its sacred essence, today, Kathakali is often staged in theaters as a condensed performance lasting a few hours.
The Rigorous Training of a Kathakali Artist
The mastery of Kathakali requires years of dedicated training, often spanning over a decade. Aspiring performers undergo intense physical conditioning, including vigorous massages to shape their bodies for the demanding movements of the dance. A hallmark of Kathakali is its intricate facial expressions and hand gestures, which form a sophisticated sign language encompassing over a thousand distinct meanings.
Unlike conventional theater, Kathakali actors do not speak; instead, they communicate entirely through expressive body movements and gestures while vocalists sing the narrative. Every character's role is meticulously defined through posture, rhythm, and eye movements, ensuring that even the subtlest emotions are conveyed to the audience.
Costumes and Makeup: The Signature Elements of Kathakali
Kathakali’s costumes and makeup are among the most elaborate in world theater, often requiring over three hours of preparation before a performance. The colors and designs used in makeup symbolize the character's nature and moral disposition.
Green: Represents noble and virtuous heroes, such as gods and righteous kings.
Beige or Pale Flesh Color: Denotes gentle characters like sages and women.
Green and Red (Knife Characters): Identifies antiheroes—royals with a mix of nobility and villainy.
Red or Black Beards: Depicts characters driven by emotions like anger, deceit, or treachery.
Black Makeup with Fangs: Represents demonesses and evil female characters.
These intricate visual elements help the audience instantly recognize the essence of each character, even before they begin their performance.
A Memorable Performance of Dusshaasana Vadham
In September, an audience of around 600 people in Ann Arbor, Michigan, witnessed the spellbinding art of Kathakali. A troupe from Kerala Kalamandalam, one of the most prestigious institutions dedicated to Kerala’s performing arts, presented Dusshaasana Vadham (The Slaying of Dusshaasana), a powerful retelling of an episode from the Mahabharata.
The play opened with a royal dice game in which the Pandavas are deceitfully defeated by their cousins, the Kauravas. Duryodhana’s brother, Dusshaasana, drags Draupadi into the court, attempting to humiliate her. However, as she prays to Lord Krishna, a divine miracle extends her sari indefinitely, preventing her dishonor. The tale continues through the Pandavas’ exile, their eventual return, and the climactic battle. The performance reached its peak when Bhima, in a rage, tears Dusshaasana apart, drinks his blood, and fulfills Draupadi’s vow of vengeance.
The Role of Kerala Kalamandalam in Preserving Kathakali
Kerala Kalamandalam was established in 1930 by the poet Vallathol Narayana Menon to revive and sustain classical art forms such as Kathakali and Mohiniyattam. Over the decades, it has gained international recognition for its exceptional training programs and theatrical productions. Many of the finest Kathakali artists have emerged from this institution, spreading the tradition worldwide.
During their visit to Ann Arbor, the Kalamandalam troupe not only performed but also conducted lecture-demonstrations at the University of Michigan. They introduced students to Kathakali’s unique movement vocabulary, its music, and the intricate techniques involved in eye, face, and body training. These sessions provided invaluable insights into the discipline and dedication required to master this ancient art form.
The Global Reach of Kathakali
Although Kathakali originated as a temple performance, it has transcended regional boundaries and gained a global audience. Thanks to cultural initiatives like the Indian Council of Cultural Relations and organizations like SPIC-MACAY, Kathakali is now performed worldwide, attracting art enthusiasts and scholars alike.
Kathakali’s influence extends beyond the stage; it has inspired filmmakers, dancers, and theater practitioners across the globe. While modern adaptations have made the performances more accessible to contemporary audiences, the essence of Kathakali remains deeply rooted in tradition.
Conclusion
Kathakali is not just a dance-drama; it is a living testament to India’s rich cultural heritage. With its intricate storytelling, mesmerizing expressions, and awe-inspiring theatricality, it continues to captivate audiences worldwide. Whether performed in temple courtyards or international theaters, Kathakali remains a vibrant and enduring art form that bridges the past with the present.